byen in Middle English

IPA: /ˈbiːən/ (note: from Old English byġ-), /ˈbid͡ʒən/ (note: from Old English byċġ-), /ˈbud͡ʒən/ (note: from Old English byċġ-), /ˈbɛd͡ʒən/ (note: from Old English byċġ-) [Show additional information ▼] [Hide additional information ▲]

Etymology: From Old English bycġan, from Proto-West Germanic *buggjan. The pronunciation with /iː/ is from generalization of Old English inflected forms with the stem byġ-, whereas the pronunciation with /d͡ʒ/ is from inflected forms with the stem byċġ-. Etymology templates: {{inh|enm|ang|bycġan}} Old English bycġan, {{inh|enm|gmw-pro|*buggjan}} Proto-West Germanic *buggjan Head templates: {{head|enm|verb}} byen Inflection templates: {{enm-conj-wk|by|boght|c=irr}} Forms: irregular weak [table-tags], byen [infinitive], to byen [infinitive], bye [infinitive], bye [first-person, present, singular], boghte [first-person, past, singular], byest [present, second-person, singular], boghtest [past, second-person, singular], byeth [present, singular, third-person], boghte [past, singular, third-person], bye [present, singular, subjunctive], boghte [past, singular, subjunctive], bye [imperative, present, singular], - [imperative, past, singular], byen [plural, present], bye [plural, present], boghten [past, plural], boghte [past, plural], byeth [imperative, plural, present], bye [imperative, plural, present], - [imperative, past, plural], byynge [participle, present], byende [participle, present], boght [participle, past], yboght [participle, past], bien [alternative], biggen [alternative], buggen [alternative]

[Show JSON for postprocessed kaikki.org data shown on this page ▼] [Hide JSON for postprocessed kaikki.org data shown on this page ▲]

{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "buy"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Scots",
      "lang_code": "sco",
      "word": "by"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Yola",
      "lang_code": "yol",
      "word": "bidge"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "bycġan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English bycġan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*buggjan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *buggjan",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old English bycġan, from Proto-West Germanic *buggjan. The pronunciation with /iː/ is from generalization of Old English inflected forms with the stem byġ-, whereas the pronunciation with /d͡ʒ/ is from inflected forms with the stem byċġ-.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "irregular weak",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "enm-conj-wk",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "to byen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bye",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bye",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boghte",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boghtest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byeth",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boghte",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bye",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boghte",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bye",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bye",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boghten",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boghte",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byeth",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bye",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byynge",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byende",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boght",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "yboght",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bien",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "biggen",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "buggen",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "byen",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "by",
        "2": "boght",
        "c": "irr"
      },
      "name": "enm-conj-wk"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 9 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "10 11 23 19 0 0 17 10 10 0 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 9 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "10 11 23 19 0 0 17 10 10 0 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to buy"
      ],
      "id": "en-byen-enm-verb-fi7Tk9Ul",
      "links": [
        [
          "buy",
          "buy"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbiːən/",
      "note": "from Old English byġ-"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbid͡ʒən/",
      "note": "from Old English byċġ-"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbud͡ʒən/",
      "note": "from Old English byċġ-"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbɛd͡ʒən/",
      "note": "from Old English byċġ-"
    }
  ],
  "word": "byen"
}

[Show JSON for raw wiktextract data ▼] [Hide JSON for raw wiktextract data ▲]

{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 9 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Seychellois Creole adjectives",
    "Seychellois Creole adverbs",
    "Seychellois Creole entries with incorrect language header",
    "Seychellois Creole lemmas",
    "Seychellois Creole terms derived from French"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "buy"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Scots",
      "lang_code": "sco",
      "word": "by"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Yola",
      "lang_code": "yol",
      "word": "bidge"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "bycġan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English bycġan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*buggjan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *buggjan",
      "name": "inh"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old English bycġan, from Proto-West Germanic *buggjan. The pronunciation with /iː/ is from generalization of Old English inflected forms with the stem byġ-, whereas the pronunciation with /d͡ʒ/ is from inflected forms with the stem byċġ-.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "irregular weak",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "enm-conj-wk",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "to byen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bye",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bye",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boghte",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boghtest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byeth",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boghte",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bye",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boghte",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bye",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bye",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boghten",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boghte",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byeth",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bye",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byynge",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byende",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boght",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "yboght",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bien",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "biggen",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "buggen",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "byen",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "by",
        "2": "boght",
        "c": "irr"
      },
      "name": "enm-conj-wk"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
        "Middle English irregular weak verbs",
        "Middle English lemmas",
        "Middle English terms derived from Old English",
        "Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
        "Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
        "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
        "Middle English verbs",
        "Middle English weak verbs",
        "Pages with 9 entries",
        "Pages with entries"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to buy"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "buy",
          "buy"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbiːən/",
      "note": "from Old English byġ-"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbid͡ʒən/",
      "note": "from Old English byċġ-"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbud͡ʒən/",
      "note": "from Old English byċġ-"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbɛd͡ʒən/",
      "note": "from Old English byċġ-"
    }
  ],
  "word": "byen"
}

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-16 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (d6fca27 and 65e1673). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.

"byen" meaning in Middle English

Verb