"byen" meaning in Middle English

See byen in All languages combined, or Wiktionary

Verb

IPA: /ˈbiːən/ (note: from Old English byġ-), /ˈbid͡ʒən/ (note: from Old English byċġ-), /ˈbud͡ʒən/ (note: from Old English byċġ-), /ˈbɛd͡ʒən/ (note: from Old English byċġ-)
Etymology: From Old English bycġan, from Proto-West Germanic *buggjan. The pronunciation with /iː/ is from generalization of Old English inflected forms with the stem byġ-, whereas the pronunciation with /d͡ʒ/ is from inflected forms with the stem byċġ-. Etymology templates: {{ety|enm|:inh|ang:bycġan|text=|tree=}} [Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from", "terms" : [ { "children" : [ ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Indo-European", "term" : "*bʰewgʰ-", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ine-pro" } ], "keyword" : "derived" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-Germanic", "term" : "*bugjaną", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "gem-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Proto-West Germanic", "term" : "*buggjan", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "gmw-pro" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Old English", "term" : "bycġan", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "ang" } ], "keyword_label" : "Inherited from", "keyword" : "inherited" } ], "lang_name" : "Middle English", "term" : "byen", "status" : "ok", "lang" : "enm" }" data-lang="enm" data-title="byen">, {{inh|enm|ang|bycġan}} Old English bycġan, {{inh|enm|gmw-pro|*buggjan}} Proto-West Germanic *buggjan, {{ety|enm|:inh|ang:bycġan}} Head templates: {{head|enm|verb}} byen Inflection templates: {{enm-conj-wk|by|boght|c=irr}} Forms: irregular weak [table-tags], byen [infinitive], to byen [infinitive], bye [infinitive], bye [first-person, present, singular], boghte [first-person, past, singular], byest [present, second-person, singular], boghtest [past, second-person, singular], byeth [present, singular, third-person], boghte [past, singular, third-person], bye [present, singular, subjunctive], boghte [past, singular, subjunctive], bye [imperative, present, singular], - [imperative, past, singular], byen [plural, present], bye [plural, present], boghten [past, plural], boghte [past, plural], byeth [imperative, plural, present], bye [imperative, plural, present], - [imperative, past, plural], byynge [participle, present], byende [participle, present], boght [participle, past], yboght [participle, past], bien [alternative], biggen [alternative], buggen [alternative]
  1. to buy
    Sense id: en-byen-enm-verb-fi7Tk9Ul Categories (other): Middle English entries with etymon, Middle English entries with incorrect language header, Pages using etymon with no ID, Pages with 9 entries, Pages with entries, Pages with etymon, Pages with 9 entries, Pages with entries Disambiguation of Pages with 9 entries: 10 11 23 19 0 0 17 10 10 0 0 Disambiguation of Pages with entries: 10 11 23 19 0 0 17 10 10 0 0
     
{
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "buy"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Scots",
      "lang_code": "sco",
      "word": "by"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Yola",
      "lang_code": "yol",
      "word": "bidge"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_links": [
    [
      "bycġan",
      "bycgan#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "*buggjan",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/buggjan"
    ]
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "ang:bycġan",
        "text": "",
        "tree": ""
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰewgʰ-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*bugjaną\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*buggjan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"bycġan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"byen\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"byen\">",
      "name": "ety"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "bycġan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English bycġan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*buggjan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *buggjan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "ang:bycġan"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "ety"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old English bycġan, from Proto-West Germanic *buggjan. The pronunciation with /iː/ is from generalization of Old English inflected forms with the stem byġ-, whereas the pronunciation with /d͡ʒ/ is from inflected forms with the stem byċġ-.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "irregular weak",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "enm-conj-wk",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "to byen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bye",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bye",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boghte",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boghtest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byeth",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boghte",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bye",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boghte",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bye",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bye",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boghten",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boghte",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byeth",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bye",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byynge",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byende",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boght",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "yboght",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bien",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "biggen",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "buggen",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "byen",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "by",
        "2": "boght",
        "c": "irr"
      },
      "name": "enm-conj-wk"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with etymon",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 9 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with etymon",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "10 11 23 19 0 0 17 10 10 0 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 9 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "10 11 23 19 0 0 17 10 10 0 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to buy"
      ],
      "id": "en-byen-enm-verb-fi7Tk9Ul",
      "links": [
        [
          "buy",
          "buy"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbiːən/",
      "note": "from Old English byġ-"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbid͡ʒən/",
      "note": "from Old English byċġ-"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbud͡ʒən/",
      "note": "from Old English byċġ-"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbɛd͡ʒən/",
      "note": "from Old English byċġ-"
    }
  ],
  "word": "byen"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Pages with 9 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Seychellois Creole adjectives",
    "Seychellois Creole adverbs",
    "Seychellois Creole entries with incorrect language header",
    "Seychellois Creole lemmas",
    "Seychellois Creole terms derived from French"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "buy"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Scots",
      "lang_code": "sco",
      "word": "by"
    },
    {
      "lang": "Yola",
      "lang_code": "yol",
      "word": "bidge"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_links": [
    [
      "bycġan",
      "bycgan#Old_English"
    ],
    [
      "*buggjan",
      "Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/buggjan"
    ]
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "ang:bycġan",
        "text": "",
        "tree": ""
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰewgʰ-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*bugjaną\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*buggjan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"bycġan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"byen\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"byen\">",
      "name": "ety"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "bycġan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English bycġan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*buggjan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *buggjan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "ang:bycġan"
      },
      "expansion": "",
      "name": "ety"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "From Old English bycġan, from Proto-West Germanic *buggjan. The pronunciation with /iː/ is from generalization of Old English inflected forms with the stem byġ-, whereas the pronunciation with /d͡ʒ/ is from inflected forms with the stem byċġ-.",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "irregular weak",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "enm-conj-wk",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "to byen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bye",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bye",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boghte",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boghtest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byeth",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boghte",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bye",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boghte",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bye",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bye",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boghten",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boghte",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byeth",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bye",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byynge",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byende",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "boght",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "yboght",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bien",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "biggen",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "buggen",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "verb"
      },
      "expansion": "byen",
      "name": "head"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "by",
        "2": "boght",
        "c": "irr"
      },
      "name": "enm-conj-wk"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English entries with etymon",
        "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
        "Middle English irregular weak verbs",
        "Middle English lemmas",
        "Middle English terms derived from Old English",
        "Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
        "Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
        "Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
        "Middle English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰewgʰ-",
        "Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
        "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
        "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
        "Middle English verbs",
        "Middle English weak verbs",
        "Pages using etymon with no ID",
        "Pages with 9 entries",
        "Pages with entries",
        "Pages with etymon"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "to buy"
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "buy",
          "buy"
        ]
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbiːən/",
      "note": "from Old English byġ-"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbid͡ʒən/",
      "note": "from Old English byċġ-"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbud͡ʒən/",
      "note": "from Old English byċġ-"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbɛd͡ʒən/",
      "note": "from Old English byċġ-"
    }
  ],
  "word": "byen"
}

Download raw JSONL data for byen meaning in Middle English (5.7kB)

This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable Middle English dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-30 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-10-01 using wiktextract (19f9a30 and 6f96ddf). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.

If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.